The Hurdle Approach-A Holistic Concept for Controlling Food Safety Risks Associated With Pathogenic Bacterial Contamination of Leafy Green Vegetables. A Review.

Consumers appreciate leafy green vegetables such as baby leaves for their convenience and wholesomeness and for adding a variety of tastes and colors to their plate.

In Western cuisine, leafy green vegetables are usually eaten fresh and raw, with no step in the long chain from seed to consumption where potentially harmful microorganisms could be completely eliminated, e.g., through heating. A concerning trend in recent years is disease outbreaks caused by various leafy vegetable crops and one of the most important foodborne pathogens in this context is Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC).

Other pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes should also be considered in disease risk analysis, as they have been implicated in outbreaks associated with leafy greens.

These pathogens may enter the horticultural value network during primary production in field or greenhouse via irrigation, at harvest, during processing and distribution or in the home kitchen/restaurant. The hurdle approach involves combining several mitigating approaches, each of which is insufficient on its own, to control or even eliminate pathogens in food products.

Since the food chain system for leafy green vegetables contains no absolute kill step for pathogens, use of hurdles at critical points could enable control of pathogens that pose a human health risk. Hurdles should be combined so as to decrease the risk due to pathogenic microbes and also to improve microbial stability, shelf-life, nutritional properties and sensory quality of leafy vegetables.

Human IgE (SUS-11) protein biotin conjugate, 0.1% Na-azide
0911-0-050-B	NBS-C BioScience & Consulting GmbH	500 µg	Ask for price
Description: This ELISA kit measures hIgE levels in human serum, which are typically low (50–300 ng/mL), Purified by immunoaffinity chromatography on IgE specific monoclonal antibody

Human IgE (SUS-11) protein, 0.1% Na-azide
0911-0-100	NBS-C BioScience & Consulting GmbH	1 mg	Ask for price
Description: This ELISA kit measures hIgE levels in human serum, which are typically low (50–300 ng/mL), Purified by immunoaffinity chromatography on IgE specific monoclonal antibody

Human IgE (SUS-11) protein IU calibrated reference, 0.1% Na-azide
0911-0-WHO25	NBS-C BioScience & Consulting GmbH	25000 IU - 0.5 mL	Ask for price
Description: This ELISA kit measures hIgE levels in human serum, which are typically low (50–300 ng/mL), Purified by immunoaffinity chromatography on IgE specific monoclonal antibody

Human IgE (SUS-11) protein IU calibrated reference, 0.1% Na-azide
0911-0-WHO50	NBS-C BioScience & Consulting GmbH	50000 IU - 1 mL	Ask for price
Description: This ELISA kit measures hIgE levels in human serum, which are typically low (50–300 ng/mL), Purified by immunoaffinity chromatography on IgE specific monoclonal antibody

Human IgE (SUS-11) protein, Na-azide free
0911-1-005	NBS-C BioScience & Consulting GmbH	50 µg	Ask for price
Description: This ELISA kit measures hIgE levels in human serum, which are typically low (50–300 ng/mL), Purified by immunoaffinity chromatography on IgE specific monoclonal antibody

Human IgE (SUS-11) protein biotin conjugate, Na-azide free
0911-1-005-B	NBS-C BioScience & Consulting GmbH	50 µg	Ask for price
Description: This ELISA kit measures hIgE levels in human serum, which are typically low (50–300 ng/mL), Purified by immunoaffinity chromatography on IgE specific monoclonal antibody

Human IgE (SUS-11) protein, Na-azide free
0911-1-010	NBS-C BioScience & Consulting GmbH	100 µg	Ask for price
Description: This ELISA kit measures hIgE levels in human serum, which are typically low (50–300 ng/mL), Purified by immunoaffinity chromatography on IgE specific monoclonal antibody

Human IgE (SUS-11) protein biotin conjugate, Na-azide free
0911-1-010-B	NBS-C BioScience & Consulting GmbH	100 µg	Ask for price
Description: This ELISA kit measures hIgE levels in human serum, which are typically low (50–300 ng/mL), Purified by immunoaffinity chromatography on IgE specific monoclonal antibody

Human IgE (SUS-11) protein, Na-azide free
0911-1-050	NBS-C BioScience & Consulting GmbH	500 µg	Ask for price
Description: This ELISA kit measures hIgE levels in human serum, which are typically low (50–300 ng/mL), Purified by immunoaffinity chromatography on IgE specific monoclonal antibody

Human IgE (SUS-11) protein biotin conjugate, Na-azide free
0911-1-050-B	NBS-C BioScience & Consulting GmbH	500 µg	Ask for price
Description: This ELISA kit measures hIgE levels in human serum, which are typically low (50–300 ng/mL), Purified by immunoaffinity chromatography on IgE specific monoclonal antibody

Human IgE (SUS-11) protein, Na-azide free
0911-1-100	NBS-C BioScience & Consulting GmbH	1 mg	Ask for price
Description: This ELISA kit measures hIgE levels in human serum, which are typically low (50–300 ng/mL), Purified by immunoaffinity chromatography on IgE specific monoclonal antibody

Human IgE (SUS-11) protein IU calibrated reference, Na-azide free
0911-1-WHO25	NBS-C BioScience & Consulting GmbH	25000 IU - 0.5 mL	Ask for price
Description: This ELISA kit measures hIgE levels in human serum, which are typically low (50–300 ng/mL), Purified by immunoaffinity chromatography on IgE specific monoclonal antibody

Human IgE (SUS-11) protein IU calibrated reference, Na-azide free
0911-1-WHO50	NBS-C BioScience & Consulting GmbH	50000 IU - 1 mL	Ask for price
Description: This ELISA kit measures hIgE levels in human serum, which are typically low (50–300 ng/mL), Purified by immunoaffinity chromatography on IgE specific monoclonal antibody

IgEQUANT® -S
0914-010-S	NBS-C BioScience & Consulting GmbH	10x 96 Well	Ask for price
Description: Complete ELISA kit with capture antibody (recombinant FcεRIα), biotinylated detection antibody, calibrated WHO-standard, avidin-peroxidase, and protocol.

IgEQUANT® -R
1014-010-R	NBS-C BioScience & Consulting GmbH	10x 96 Well	Ask for price
Description: Complete ELISA kit with capture antibody (recombinant FcεRIα), biotinylated detection antibody, calibrated WHO-standard, avidin-peroxidase, and protocol.

Kinesis Rheodyne SS Stator for XXX-7900-XXX - EACH
CHR2857	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 684.45

Cyt c | Cytochrome c
AS08-343A	Agrisera AB	50 µg	EUR 302

C-Raf (C-terminus)
MBS472017-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1mL	EUR 370

C-Raf (C-terminus)
MBS472017-5x01mL	MyBiosource	5x0.1mL	EUR 1505

Cystatin C (Cys C)
C6180	Solarbio Life Science	10 mg	Ask for price

C-DIM12 (C-DIM-12; C-DIM 12)
MBS131453-100mg	MyBiosource	100mg	EUR 1495

C-NH-Boc-C-Bis-(C-PEG1-Boc)
HY-140336	MedChemExpress	Get quote	Ask for price
Description: C-NH-Boc-C-Bis-(C-PEG1-Boc) is an alkyl/ether-based PROTAC linker that can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs[1].

C-NH-Boc-C-Bis-(C-PEG1-Boc)
T14849-10mg	TargetMol Chemicals	10mg	Ask for price
Description: C-NH-Boc-C-Bis-(C-PEG1-Boc)

C-NH-Boc-C-Bis-(C-PEG1-Boc)
T14849-1g	TargetMol Chemicals	1g	Ask for price
Description: C-NH-Boc-C-Bis-(C-PEG1-Boc)

C-NH-Boc-C-Bis-(C-PEG1-Boc)
T14849-1mg	TargetMol Chemicals	1mg	Ask for price
Description: C-NH-Boc-C-Bis-(C-PEG1-Boc)

C-NH-Boc-C-Bis-(C-PEG1-Boc)
T14849-50mg	TargetMol Chemicals	50mg	Ask for price
Description: C-NH-Boc-C-Bis-(C-PEG1-Boc)

C-NH-Boc-C-Bis-(C-PEG1-Boc)
T14849-5mg	TargetMol Chemicals	5mg	Ask for price
Description: C-NH-Boc-C-Bis-(C-PEG1-Boc)

c-Fos (c-fos) Antibody
abx032883-400ul	Abbexa	400 ul	EUR 627.6

c-Fos (c-fos) Antibody
abx032883-80l	Abbexa	80 µl	EUR 343.2

c-Fos (c-Fos) Antibody
abx038361-100ug	Abbexa	100 ug	EUR 469.2

c-SRC (c-SRC) Antibody
20-abx007517	Abbexa	Ask for price Ask for price Ask for price	30 ul 100 ul 200 ul

c-SRC (c-SRC) Antibody
20-abx008688	Abbexa	Ask for price Ask for price Ask for price	30 ul 100 ul 200 ul

c-Fos (c-FOS) Antibody
20-abx009253	Abbexa	Ask for price Ask for price Ask for price	30 ul 100 ul 200 ul

C-C motif chemokine 2
AP78373	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 8
AP78374	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 3
AP78375	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 3
AP78376	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 5
AP78394	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 16
AP78407	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 24
AP78621	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 24
AP78622	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C to C Lysis Buffer
abx298007-5ml	Abbexa	5 ml	EUR 343.2

c-Fos (c-FOS) Antibody
20-abx134133	Abbexa	Ask for price Ask for price Ask for price	30 ul 100 ul 200 ul

c-Fos (c-FOS) Antibody
20-abx134134	Abbexa	Ask for price Ask for price Ask for price	30 ul 100 ul 200 ul

c-Fos (c-FOS) Antibody
abx432497-200ul	Abbexa	200 ul	EUR 460.8

C-C motif chemokine 4
AP89363	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

Active Cystatin C (Cys-C)
APA896Hu61	Cloud-Clone	10ug	EUR 360

Active Cystatin C (Cys-C)
APA896Ra61	Cloud-Clone	10ug	EUR 372

C-C motif chemokine 4
AP81142	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 2
AP81190	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 26
AP81215	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 3
AP81257	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 4
AP81258	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 24
AP81303	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 2
AP81308	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 7
AP81312	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 3
AP81399	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 28
AP81405	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 7
AP81406	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 15
AP81407	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 4
AP81408	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 20
AP81416	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 22
AP81417	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 28
AP81418	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 5
AP81419	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 20
AP81444	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 13
AP81455	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 8
AP81460	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 17
AP81487	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 5
AP81488	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 2
AP81495	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 5
AP81496	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 17
AP81497	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 3
AP81527	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 8
AP81552	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 21a
AP81567	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 18
AP81568	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 23
AP81577	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 25
AP81586	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 5
AP81587	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 25
AP81596	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 27
AP81597	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 2
AP81612	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 25
AP81625	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 19
AP81637	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 22
AP81638	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 4
AP81639	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 7
AP81657	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 25
AP81668	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 4
AP81669	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 27
AP81705	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 8
AP81706	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 8
AP81722	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 19
AP81736	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 26
AP81737	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 5
AP81738	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 13
AP81792	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 21
AP81793	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 20
AP81802	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 2
AP81833	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 20
AP81834	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

C-C motif chemokine 28
AP81929	SAB	1mg	EUR 2640

c-SRC (c-SRC) Antibody
abx232027-100ug	Abbexa	100 ug	EUR 661.2

c-SRC (c-SRC) Antibody
abx232028-100ug	Abbexa	100 ug	EUR 661.2

Arrestin C (Arrestin C) Antibody
abx230609-100ug	Abbexa	100 ug	EUR 610.8

CHO-C-PEG2-C-CHO
HY-138383	MedChemExpress	Get quote	Ask for price
Description: CHO-C-PEG2-C-CHO is a PEG-based PROTAC linker that can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs[1].

HumanMOTS-c(MitochondrialOpenReadingFrameOfThe12SrRNA-c)ELISAKit
ELK7627-48T	ELK Biotech	48T	EUR 206
Description: Competitive Inhibition

HumanMOTS-c(MitochondrialOpenReadingFrameOfThe12SrRNA-c)ELISAKit
ELK7627-96T	ELK Biotech	96T	EUR 294
Description: Competitive Inhibition

MouseMOTS-c(MitochondrialOpenReadingFrameOfThe12SrRNA-c)ELISAKit
ELK8232-48T	ELK Biotech	48T	EUR 133
Description: Competitive Inhibition

MouseMOTS-c(MitochondrialOpenReadingFrameOfThe12SrRNA-c)ELISAKit
ELK8232-96T	ELK Biotech	96T	EUR 188
Description: Competitive Inhibition

RatMOTS-c(MitochondrialOpenReadingFrameOfThe12SrRNA-c)ELISAKit
ELK8233-48T	ELK Biotech	48T	EUR 133
Description: Competitive Inhibition

RatMOTS-c(MitochondrialOpenReadingFrameOfThe12SrRNA-c)ELISAKit
ELK8233-96T	ELK Biotech	96T	EUR 188
Description: Competitive Inhibition

Tenascin-C Large (FNIII-C)
JP27751	Demeditec Diagnostics	96	EUR 611

c-KIT Antibody (C-term)
E45R30524G-1	EnoGene	100 ul	EUR 395

c-KIT Antibody (C-term)
E45R30524G-4	EnoGene	50 ul	EUR 295

c-fos Antibody (C-term)
E45R32301G-1	EnoGene	100 ul	EUR 395

c-fos Antibody (C-term)
E45R32301G-4	EnoGene	50 ul	EUR 295

Aurora-C Antibody (C-term)
E45R32362G-1	EnoGene	100 ul	EUR 395

Aurora-C Antibody (C-term)
E45R32362G-4	EnoGene	50 ul	EUR 295

Eukaryotic Cystatin C (Cys-C)
EPA896Hu61	Cloud-Clone	10ug	EUR 280

Eukaryotic Cystatin C (Cys-C)
EPA896Ra61	Cloud-Clone	10ug	EUR 292

Eukaryotic Cystatin C (Cys-C)
MBS2124301-001mg	MyBiosource	0.01mg	EUR 225

Eukaryotic Cystatin C (Cys-C)
MBS2124301-005mg	MyBiosource	0.05mg	EUR 460

Eukaryotic Cystatin C (Cys-C)
MBS2124301-01mg	MyBiosource	0.1mg	EUR 700

Eukaryotic Cystatin C (Cys-C)
MBS2124301-02mg	MyBiosource	0.2mg	EUR 860

Eukaryotic Cystatin C (Cys-C)
MBS2124301-05mg	MyBiosource	0.5mg	EUR 1670

C-Raf (C-terminus) Peptide
MBS474008-005mg	MyBiosource	0.05mg	EUR 180

C-Raf (C-terminus) Peptide
MBS474008-5x005mg	MyBiosource	5x0.05mg	EUR 665

CHO-C-PEG2-C-CHO
MBS5801205-INQUIRE	MyBiosource	INQUIRE	Ask for price

C-C motif chemokine 22
MBS7042391-002mg	MyBiosource	0.02mg	EUR 1900

C-C motif chemokine 22
MBS7042391-01mg	MyBiosource	0.1mg	EUR 2835

C-C motif chemokine 22
MBS7042391-5x01mg	MyBiosource	5x0.1mg	EUR 12705

Aldolase C (C-terminus Specific)
MO22157	Neuromics	100 ul	EUR 522

c-KIT Antibody (C-term)
MBS9213943-008mL	MyBiosource	0.08mL	EUR 210

c-KIT Antibody (C-term)
MBS9213943-04mL	MyBiosource	0.4mL	EUR 430

c-KIT Antibody (C-term)
MBS9213943-5x04mL	MyBiosource	5x0.4mL	EUR 1910

c-fos Antibody (C-term)
MBS9207988-008mL	MyBiosource	0.08mL	EUR 210

c-fos Antibody (C-term)
MBS9207988-04mL	MyBiosource	0.4mL	EUR 430

c-fos Antibody (C-term)
MBS9207988-5x04mL	MyBiosource	5x0.4mL	EUR 1910

Aurora-C Antibody (C-term)
MBS9232347-008mL	MyBiosource	0.08mL	EUR 210

Aurora-C Antibody (C-term)
MBS9232347-04mL	MyBiosource	0.4mL	EUR 430

Aurora-C Antibody (C-term)
MBS9232347-5x04mL	MyBiosource	5x0.4mL	EUR 1910

C. jejuni and C. coli
PCR-V334-PCRV33448D	Bioingentech	PCR-V334-48D	EUR 230

C. jejuni and C. coli
PCR-V334-PCRV33496D	Bioingentech	PCR-V334-96D	EUR 312

CHO-C-PEG2-C-CHO
T41069-10mg	TargetMol Chemicals	10mg	Ask for price
Description: CHO-C-PEG2-C-CHO

CHO-C-PEG2-C-CHO
T41069-1g	TargetMol Chemicals	1g	Ask for price
Description: CHO-C-PEG2-C-CHO

CHO-C-PEG2-C-CHO
T41069-1mg	TargetMol Chemicals	1mg	Ask for price
Description: CHO-C-PEG2-C-CHO

CHO-C-PEG2-C-CHO
T41069-50mg	TargetMol Chemicals	50mg	Ask for price
Description: CHO-C-PEG2-C-CHO

CHO-C-PEG2-C-CHO
T41069-5mg	TargetMol Chemicals	5mg	Ask for price
Description: CHO-C-PEG2-C-CHO

C. jejuni and C. coli
Oneq-V334-OneqV334100D	Bioingentech	Oneq-V334-100D	EUR 515

C. jejuni and C. coli
Oneq-V334-OneqV334150D	Bioingentech	Oneq-V334-150D	EUR 594

C. jejuni and C. coli
Oneq-V334-OneqV33450D	Bioingentech	Oneq-V334-50D	EUR 413

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPA896Bo01	Cloud-Clone	10ug	EUR 160

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPA896Ca01	Cloud-Clone	10ug	EUR 200

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPA896Ga01	Cloud-Clone	10ug	EUR 192

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPA896Hu01	Cloud-Clone	10ug	EUR 164

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPA896Mu01	Cloud-Clone	10ug	EUR 172

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPA896Po01	Cloud-Clone	10ug	EUR 196

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPA896Ra01	Cloud-Clone	10ug	EUR 181

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPU41105-100ug	Biomatik Corporation	100ug	EUR 504.9

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPU41105-1mg	Biomatik Corporation	1mg	EUR 2238.6

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPU41105-50ug	Biomatik Corporation	50ug	EUR 405.9

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPU41106-100ug	Biomatik Corporation	100ug	EUR 556.6

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPU41106-1mg	Biomatik Corporation	1mg	EUR 2467.4

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPU41106-50ug	Biomatik Corporation	50ug	EUR 447.7

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPU41107-100ug	Biomatik Corporation	100ug	EUR 492.8

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPU41107-1mg	Biomatik Corporation	1mg	EUR 2184

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPU41107-50ug	Biomatik Corporation	50ug	EUR 396

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPU41108-100ug	Biomatik Corporation	100ug	EUR 591.8

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPU41108-1mg	Biomatik Corporation	1mg	EUR 2620.8

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPU41108-50ug	Biomatik Corporation	50ug	EUR 475.2

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPU54512-100ug	Biomatik Corporation	100ug	EUR 603.9

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPU54512-1mg	Biomatik Corporation	1mg	EUR 2675.4

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPU54512-50ug	Biomatik Corporation	50ug	EUR 485.1

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPU55259-100ug	Biomatik Corporation	100ug	EUR 616

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPU55259-1mg	Biomatik Corporation	1mg	EUR 2730

Recombinant Cystatin C (Cys-C)
RPU55259-50ug	Biomatik Corporation	50ug	EUR 495

The hurdle toolbox includes different options, such as physical, physiochemical and microbial hurdles. The goal for leafy green vegetables is multi-target preservation through intelligently applied hurdles. This review describes hurdles that could be used for leafy green vegetables and their biological basis, and identifies prospective hurdles that need attention in future research.